“The centrality of controlled, orderly white recreation in urban life is most clearly evidenced by the aftermath of desegregation orders. When the courts declared particular recreational facilities “open,” the result was rarely peaceful integration. This fact contradicts the popular understanding of the 1964 Civil Rights Act as solving the problem of public accommodations “virtually overnight.”21 Instead, owners of pools and a parks used a variety of subterfuges, particularly privatization, to subvert the law. And many municipalities closed down public facilities rather than comply with the courts.“
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